"Let it be admitted at the outset that European brains, capital, and energy have not been, and never will be, expended in developing the resources of Africa from motives of pure philanthropy; that Europe is in Africa for the mutual benefit of her own industrial classes, and of the native races in their progress to a higher plane; that the benefit can be made reciprocal, and that it is the aim and desire of civilised administration to fulfil this dual mandate."

Frederick Lugard, Baron Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, 1922. Lugard was Governor-General of Nigeria 1914-19 and the architect of the policy of indirect rule.